CAN VALUES BE TAUGHT? There is a profound Indian view about teaching which declares that the first principle of teaching is that nothing can be taught. This paradoxical statement may seem at first sight incomprehensible. But when we look closely into it, we find that it contains a significant guideline regarding the methodology of teaching. It does not prohibit teaching, since it is stated to be the first principle of teaching. It does, however, suggest that the methods of teaching should be such that the learner is enabled to discover by means of his own growth and development all that is intended to be learnt. It points out, in other words, that the role of

PHILOSOPHY OF SPIRITUAL EDUCATION -1 There has been in the U.K. during the last two decades, a good deal of discussion on the theme of spiritual education. Apart from brilliant papers by Mac Laughlin and several others, the paper by David Carr another by Michael Hand are not only instructive but provide us with analyses of the issues and also of the phrase 'spiritual education' which can be utilized properly in developing relevant and suitable pedagogy. David Carr examines three important conceptions of spirituality and spiritual education, the 'reductionist' or residual conceptions, "process" conceptions, and 'content' based conceptions.

NOTES RELATING TO SPIRITUAL EDUCATION There are three respects in which spiritual education will differ from religious education, and as a consequence, will render it free from the objection that it is inadmissible or controversial as far its relevance to common schools is concerned. * * * First of all, spiritual education will build itself on strong foundations of physical, vital and mental education, without which the sources of spiritual education will remain dry and infertile. * * * Secondly, spiritual education will combat dogmatism in regard to any theory or doctrine, — scientific, philosophical, theological, religiou

A PROGRAMME OF STUDIES RELATED TO INDIA AND INDIAN VALUES The chronology of events of Indian history is very complex, and our history books often present this chronology in such a way as to render a synoptic view of Indian history extremely difficult. In any case, our textbooks fail to present to our students a connected story of the development of essential ideas and movements which are directly related to the values which need to be underlined. A study of Indian history should be encouraged among all teacher-trainees, as one of the central aims of education is to provide to every student irrespective of

PHILOSOPHY OF VALUE ORIENTED EDUCATION-1I One of the most important programmes of Teacher Education has to be that of Value Oriented Education. The need for value-oriented education requires clarification. I Value-Oriented Education Inherent in the Concept of Education There are at least three fundamental assumptions of the educational process: a. There is, first, the pursuit of man to know himself and the Universe and to relate himself with the Universe as harmoniously as possible. This pursuit constitutes the very theme of human culture. And education derives its fundamental thrust from the cultural se

PHILOSOPHY OF SPIRITUAL EDUCATION II A philosophical study of Spiritual Education needs to delve in to the field of the spirituality at a deeper level, so that we can propose a programme of Spiritual Education as a programme of the discovery and realization of the Spirit with as much pedagogical rigor as he employ in the realm of the discovery and realization of the natures and power of Matter, Life and Mind. We have also to show the relevance of Spiritual Education to the programme of enrichment and fulfillment of life and consequent fulfillment of the various activities of Matter, Life and Mind, which are at presence pursued in School Education.

WHAT IS TO BE DONE? I Making of a teacher differs significantly from making, say, of an advocate or a surgeon. The teacher is more than a mere skilled performer in a branch of his profession. Of course, he must have the best of skill in accustoming the pupil to the austere joy of mastering a difficult theme, be it quadratic equation or the equation E=MC2 or any other theme. But, in the end, when the frontiers of knowledge change, the importance and even the validity of what is learnt may not survive. What survives is the discipline of learning and the values acquired in the process. Whatever be the topic the teacher teaches, the ultimate values of

PHILOSOPHY OF VALUE ORIENTED EDUCATION-1 There is a need to clarify the term, value. Evidently the word 'value' is not to be taken in the sense in which it is used in Economics. The word 'value' as understood in the context of educational philosophy refers to those desirable ideals and goals which are intrinsic in themselves and which, when achieved or attempted to be achieved, evoke a deep sense of fulfillment to one or many or all parts of what we consider to be the highest elements of our nature. In a sense, it may be urged that the word 'value' is basically indefinable since it denotes a fundamental category and it is itself the highest

Preface Integral yoga of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother is also known as Yoga of Transformation. The word 'transformation' has a distinctive meaning, and it is to be distinguished from what is normally called conversion or mere change of attitude or from the state of sainthood or ethical perfection. To be transformed is to be totally transmuted in every part of the being so that every part of the being is able to manifest Gnostic or supramental consciousness. In most of the systems of yoga, the aim is to arrive at the liberation of the soul from Nature, but there is no deliberate aim to liberate Nature itself from its own limitations. In the state of liberation of the soul from Nature,

PART SIX Yoga of Self-Perfection The yoga of self-perfection has, as its aim, perfect manifestation of the perfect supramental consciousness and power through the perfected individual vehicles for the upliftment of the entire humanity so that the supramental manifestation on the earth can facilitate more and more rapidly and more and more effectively humanity's endeavour towards increasing unity and harmony and, eventually, towards the evolution of the next supramental species. We may, in this connection, briefly indicate a few important elements in the integral yoga which reflect its thrust towards the yoga of self-perfection. In Sri Aurobindo's synthesis of yoga, the s